This study explores qualitatively the issue of human rights’ violation in Labour and Women in Pakistan. Bonded labour and bonded women have great thematic connection. The concept of human rights is conveyed besides its historical connection and start. The study was carried out in regions of Baluchistan, Punjab and Sindh. It has revealed that bonded labour and women-related violations are excessively reported in studied region.

The study is an experimental study pertaining to the area of student teaching in teacher preparation program. It aims at studying the efficacy of skill based instructional materials synchronized with microteaching a technique on the acquisition of four teaching skills, namely: (i) skill of stimulus variation; (ii) skill of illustrating with examples; (iii) skill of silence and nonverbal cues; and (iv) skill of recognizing as attending behaviour. It also aims at studying the efficacy of microteaching synchronized with skill based instructional material in developing general teaching competence and favorable attitude towards teaching. The Phase I involves an experiment to find out the effectiveness of skill based instructional materials synchronized with microteaching upon the development of teaching skills and general teaching competence. The phase II is concerned with studying the effect of different training approaches upon the attitudes of prospective teachers towards teaching.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of training on the performance of employees. The study attempts to know the influence of training over employee performance through the consideration of training factors such as Training Needs Analysis, Training Commitment, Training Contents, Training Delivery Approaches and Training Evaluation. The methodology involves survey questionnaire and the data was collected from the employees employed at the NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) in the region of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The techniques used by the researcher to analyze the collected data are factor analysis, descriptive statistics, regression analysis and correlations. The findings of the study reveal that four out five stated factors of training are positively and significantly related to the performance of employees whereas the fifth factor i.e. Training Needs Analysis is insignificantly and negatively related to the employees’ performance.

The research paper analyses the role of multinational corporations and the British East India Company. From the beginning of the company to its trade in India and then the eventual battles are evaluated. The effects of the East India Company on the political and economic conditions are assessed. The eventual difficulties faced by the company and its decline are also studied. The paper also inquires about the increasing dominant role of multinational corporations in our world. The paper has mainly used secondary sources for the research.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) was one of priority goal among Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of United Nations till 2015. Following to MDGs it is again considered as a priority goal in Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) set by United Nations, which are supposed to be achieved by 2030. As per SGDs, MMR should be reduced at the level of 71 deaths at per 100,000 live births during a specific time period. Though, Sindh Government couldn’t achieve its specific target for 2015, instead of running Maternal Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) program at gross root level. This study aims to find out the sociological barriers such as, issue of availability of health workers and access to these health workers by poor people to reduce MMR in rural areas. An exploratory study was conducted using mix methods (qualitative and quantitative) in-depth interviews with mothers and key informant interviews with local maternal health workers including lady health visitors/workers, lady doctors and traditional birth attendants were conducted. A total of 60 mothers and 45 health care professionals were interviewed from different rural areas of Hyderabad division. Semi-structured interview guide was developed having quantitative and qualitative questions. During interviews with key informants, 53.3% respondents said that there has been maternal mortality under their supervision due to different types of complexities. Whereas, access to health workers is not major issue, 4.4% of people approach to health by foot, 35.6% use public transport and rest avail services at home. But the actual problem is availability of professional health workers those could handle deliveries. Only 11.2% interviewed health workers were professional in gynecology. High frequency of poor people (13) is covered by LHVs and second majority (12) is covered by LHWs. Only (5) gynecologists said that they have treated poor families (having income <2 USD per day) as per defined by World Health Organization (WHO). During interviews with community, 60.9% respondents said that health facility is not available nearby their village. These respondents (60.9%) said that there had been maternal deaths due to unavailability of professional maternal health workers near to their village. According to community 73.4% people experiences problems in accessing health workers or facilities. Whereas, 26.6% respondents did not have had any problem to access health workers or facilities. 73.4% respondents said that there had some maternal deaths in their village due to difficulty in accessing professional maternal health facilities or workers on right time.

Pakistan came into existence in 1947 and inherited education and examination system from the British education system without any change, which was developed in 1857 and educational policy of Pakistan was developed by Education commission in 1959 and in 1972-80. There have been revolutionary changes in the education and examination system in the world but in Pakistan inherited system is yet in function; while these conventional systems cannot fulfill the requirements of modern age competitive education. In the past only a teacher was required for educating pupil, but now required competent teacher who possesses skills for efficient delivery at the field; and accordingly the examination system needs replacement. Hence, the aimed at evolution of examination system to produce teachers capable to face 21st century educational challenges. The study explored that education system must be competitive globally and performance of students be founded on competence assessment and reviews of the assessment system. The criterion for induction of teacher in national teaching force, preparation of teachers and their regular evaluation needs to be ensured. Graduation should be the minimum qualification of a candidate applying for admission in teacher training institution and aptitude test of candidate should be must before considering him of this profession. At least three years teacher certification may be ensured where the teacher trainees may be developed theoretically followed by practical and after completion of basic three years teacher training with high scores, new teachers may be allowed to be a teacher. The teacher evaluation should be based on his motivation power to deliver whatever he learnt through teacher trainings and on the basis of fair assessment a compensation system may be introduced to strive towards excellence.

Judiciary is the most important pillar in any state of the world. It guarantees democracy, good governance, economic stability and the rule of law. Judiciary is a sandwich between the dictators and authoritarian rulers in Pakistan. Although, under the separation of powers judiciary to be a neutral institution enforcing rules and regulations. Unfortunately in Pakistan judiciary failed in performing its basic functions. The era under discussion in Pakistan was ruled by Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif the democratic rulers; still the independence of judiciary was a question mark. There was always a tug of war between the Prime Minister, the President and the superior judiciary. Both Nawaz Sharif and Benazir were blamed for extra judicial interference and the image of judiciary as an independent institution of the state never remained.

The current debate on the effectiveness of bureaucracy indicates that the development of an effective bureaucracy is the most important determinant of good governance. Civil servants are required to perform their respective functions in accordance with their distinctive roles defined by the law of the land. They are not supposed to exercise their functions beyond the limits prescribed by the law. Ineffectiveness of the bureaucracy could badly affect the outcome of the policies. In fact the execution of policies depends on the way in which policies are implemented by bureaucracy. Thus, the bureaucracy has a key role in successful implementation of policies. The main objective of present study is to investigate the effectiveness of bureaucracy in developing countries. The post-colonial literature, with the exception of a few works on Civil Service reforms and the role of higher civil servants, generally highlights the working of Pakistan’s civil bureaucracy and the process of politicization in more general terms. Thus, this paper deals with the factors required for effectiveness i.e. political neutrality, exercise of powers and political accountability.

The water resources in Pakistan are sharply declining due to average annual increase in population and the changing geo-political landscape. The long term resolution lies in cautious expenditure of water and consciousness to preserve. This resource consciousness ultimately derives strategies for better management of water and its associated usage as both together can have far reaching effects for consumption of water and its use for electricity production as mainstay of Pakistan’s energy needs. The authors have made an earnest endeavor to notify the significance of fresh water, rapid depletion of its resources and the serious hazards affiliated with this phenomenon. The research paper encompasses a detailed evaluation of available statistics of water flow in the river system, its storage in glaciers and manmade reservoirs. The paper also dilates upon challenges linked with climate change, water shortages, insufficient storage capacities and weak management of available resources. Towards the end, the author has offered a way forward to make best use of available resources and ensure water security in the country. This is an academic undertaking; therefore, the views articulated in the article are those of the authors.

Spirituality is one of the basic teachings of every religion from the beginning human beings have been in search to enlighten their soul and have tried various ways to satisfy it. Islam and Hinduism are two major religions in Sindh and both these religions put light on spirituality and spiritual healing. According to Muslim tradition the Prophet (PBUH) used spiritual healing as treatment method to heal different patients having different spiritual and social ailments. It is mentioned in the holy Quran that this book is revealed to Prophet Muhammad, it is healing to those who believe in it. Likewise the Hindu rishis and saints leave materialistic world and seek for the soul to connect with God Almighty. Spiritual healers in Sindh are highly adored and respected, people go to them for the solutions of social, economic and spiritual problems, to solve these problems spiritual healers use different methods. Apart for this the people of Sindh visit different shrines of the Sufis and saints to get inner peace and soul satisfaction. However, the shrine of Qalandar Lal Shahbaz located at Sehwan Sharif is shrine that is visited most frequently by huge number of visitors, they visit this shrine to get remedies, some come for good luck, better future and blessings, while others come to heal spiritual ailments, and there are patients, who come to overcome djinns through dhamaal. We would elaborate this in detail in this research paper.

This study comprises on interviews of 133 convicted female criminals in prisons of Sindh (Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana) and Punjab (Lahore and Multan) provinces of Pakistan. This research surveys the socio-economic background and factors that influenced the inmates to commit crimes. The mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative) was applied for this exploratory study. More than half of the prisoners (72.9%) belong to rural regions. It was found that 54.1% female criminals were illiterate, while 52.6% respondents were in the age group of 21-30 years when they committed a crime. The majority of female criminals (42.9%) had 6,000 to 10,000 per month family income. 37.7% respondents tried to commit suicide due to multiple reasons like mismatched marriage before entrance in the department of correction. 32.3% respondents were physically abused in their childhood. 81.2% female criminals were married and 48.2% were victims of domestic violence. 96% respondents were married between 11-20 years of age. 34.2% respondents had unpleasant relations with their husbands. 26.3% respondents have five or more children. 48.2% respondents were survivors of domestic violence. 48.1% respondents were sentenced in murder cases, the victims of 60.9% respondents were their husbands and 56.3% criminals used poison in homicide. 33.1% respondents committed crime due to financial problems. 60.9% respondents were likely to commit a crime alone and 36% respondents were helped by their male friends in homicide cases. 47.4% criminals were the first child of their respective families, according to their birth order.

Overall the globalization and dynamic business environment have restructured organizational management. This evolving scenario entails continuous upgrading, that makes organizational change as crucial strategy for long term survival. This research endeavors to identify the determinants of employees’ resistance to organizational change. Primarily, this research focuses on examining that to what extent an employee’s academic qualification might determine employees’ willingness/ resistance to change. In this regard, this study investigates the organizational change process in the context of Pakistan Mobile Communication Limited (Mobilink), which acquired Warid Telecom (Warid) and went through restructuring due to merger of both companies. In this research, the different stratum of employees’ educational qualifications were analyzed against the three aspects of change process; employees trust in management, management communication strategy/information exchange and employees involvement in change process. The research findings identifies that employees with higher level of educational qualification (Bachelor or Master’s degree) are more eager to accept change within organization, , whereas, employees with lower level of educational qualification (matriculation and intermediate) are less ready to accept the change through showing high resistance towards organizational change. The novelty of this research is embedded in examining employee resistance within real work setting that recently has undergone to organizational change phenomenon.

In Social Sciences, interviews are an important technique for collecting data as they deal with meanings, whereas quantitative data deals with numbers (Dornyei, 2007). As, interviews focus on meanings attributed to this by individuals so, it becomes a matter of high importance to address the question of how do we conceptualize those meanings (Rose 1994) and also how reliable these findings are. Although, these are important issues, many studies give relatively less value to them. This paper is an attempt to demonstrate applicability of Maykut and Morehouse’s (1994) ‘Constant Comparative Method’ as one technique to analyze interviews. It also proposes some useful ways to establish reliability in data. This is aimed to help researchers in social sciences to use it to deal with qualitative data.

Currently, Pakistani society is in the phase of paradigm shift. It is encountering changes in cultural norms, values and social fabric. Further it is viewed that the manifest acts of jealousy, revenge, racism, social injustice, and frustration in the society are common. Violent, aggressive and intolerant behaviour is frequently observed and experience on the streets, roads, markets, offices and other common places. (Mushtaq. M, Kiyani, M.M., 2013). While moving around in different areas, places or cities of country, the youth can be found on the streets with different aggressive behaviours. That shows the level of increased intolerance. It raises various questions about the causes, correlates and consequences. The present study is focused on Karachi city as research universe. Researcher made efforts to find out correlations of increasing intolerance level among the youth of urban Sindh. Explanatory and exploratory research approaches have been performed. The Qualitative research method was applied. Major source of data collection were five focus group discussions with different stakeholders and five in-depth interviews. The research answered the following research questions. (1) What is relationship between political, religious and socio-economic factors with intolerance among youth living in urban areas of Pakistan? (2) What is the role of electronic, print and social media for promotion of intolerance among youth in urban areas of Pakistan? (3) How can we control/manage the intolerance among youth of urban areas of the country? The results explored that urban society is suffering from high level of failures of social institutions, therefore existing push and pull factors leading the urban youth towards increased intolerance level. According to results unemployment, religious extremism, ethnicity, and political relationships are major causes of intolerance among youth in urban areas and play role as push factors. On another hand Print, electronic and social media are plying their part as pull factors towards increasing intolerance level among youth in urban areas of Sindh as well as Pakistan. This finding will be helpful to understand the problem of violence, aggression and crime in our society. The paper advocates that preventative measures should be taken to handle these critical issues.

Retail markets provide wide range of goods for public, reliable electricity supply is considered to be vital for the operations of retail businesses. Pakistan has been facing serious energy crisis which have severe effects on all spheres of life from academia to industries. Literature is found about effects of loadshedding on socio economic life, industry, SMEs and education. This is first type of its study that focused the loadshedding issues in retail market. This study is based on a quantitative survey using closed-ended questionnaire. Sample consists of 262 was randomly selected from retail market of Hyderabad. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 in terms of Bar Charts and multiple regression. Results show that 65 percent respondents stated there is 6 to 8 hours loadshedding in their area, 55.3 percent use UPS as alternative for electricity, 49 percent of them said that their 75 percent to 100 percent operations depend on electricity, 40 percent stated that loadshedding has affected their business 50 percent to 75 percent. ‘Problem in dealing customer’ and ‘Decrease in sales’ and ‘Waste of time’ were found to be the main factors that effect on business due to loadshedding, while other factors like ‘increase in cost’, ‘waste of time’, ‘product damage’ and ‘health problems’ were also found to be effects of loadshedding. It is imperative to take result oriented actions rather raising slogans to end it or remain oblivion because it is concern for the public at large and we all are beneficiaries of retail markets.

Due to ever developing the latest technological tools the news and information environment has been changing in the world over. People now like news and information to be received by them individually, everywhere, and anytime, overcoming the geographic and time distance. Thus, this study investigates the consumption of news alerts received on a mobile phone in Pakistan. A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted, using a probability sampling technique, in an urban residential area. In this way, this study presents data about having Smartphone mobile sets, receiving and reading the news alerts on the mobile phone, and to know about the nature of the subscription of such mobile phone news alerts. That is to free or paid news alerts are preferred more and by whom.

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between parental –acceptance-rejection, parental control and Juvenile delinquency. The sample was comprised of juvenile delinquents (n=100), and normal adolescents (n=100). A sample of juvenile delinquents was randomly selected from Juvenile Jail, Central Jail Hyderabad and Central Jail Karachi. PARQ/Control Questionnaire (Imam, 1999) and Self-reported Delinquency Scale (Naqvi, 2007) were administered on the sample. Participants of the study were interviewed as well as scales were administered individually and questions were read out for delinquents. Normal adolescents filled questionnaires by themselves. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences between the scores of Juvenile delinquents and normal adolescents on parental acceptance-rejection questionnaire (PARQ/Control scale); juvenile delinquents would score high on Self –reported Delinquency scale as compared to normal adolescents. Pearson correlation and t-test were computed to test the hypotheses. Results of the study found significant mean differences between the scores of delinquents and normal adolescents on all sub-scales of parental acceptance-rejection questionnaire (PARQ/C), indicating that Juvenile delinquents have perceived their both parents( Mother, Father), as more rejecting, neglecting and aggressive as compared to normal adolescents. Findings revealed strong relationship between permissive parenting style or less parental control with the delinquency. Results of the present research investigation have shown consistency with universal claims of parental acceptance- rejection theory and its relationship with the delinquency and behaviour problems among adolescents.

Family is a basic social institution and occupies a significant position in individual life. It is family that tells us what is appropriate and what is inappropriate behaviour in any social situation, family transfers culture to coming generation and teaches the values of society to its new members. Television has brought various changes in the structure and functioning of family institution. This paper examines the trends of watching television and changes that television has brought up in the family in Sindh, with especial focus on district Naushahro Feroze. Data is collected from 5 Taluka of district Naushahro Feroze, 384 samples are taken randomly from rural and urban areas of the district by interview schedule. Data is analyzed by using SPSS; Chi square test is applied to test the relationship between variables under study. Results, discussions and findings concluded that television has changed the sociology of family institution. Marriage outside the family, joint family system, less number of children, late-marriages and changing socialization patterns are noticed changes in research area district Naushahro Feroze. Previous researches were conducted on impact of television but not specifically on impact of television on changing family patterns. This is first study of this nature in District Naushahro Feroze.

The educational status of Sindh, Pakistan is not very promising despite the huge expenditure on education, various incentives to the families and children to increase the enrolment in primary education and reduce the dropout rate in primary schools but the goal of universal primary education has not been achieved. In the study, socio-cultural factors and belief are explored using previous research works and their relationship on the dropout rate was assessed using scatter plots and Pearson’s Correlation. The impact of these factors was also measured on the dropout rate in the study area using multiple linear regression. It is found that socio-cultural factors as determined by the study are significantly related to the dropout rate of children in the primary education in study area. To improve the condition of enrolment and dropout rate in Badin socio-cultural factors pertaining to local community must be considered along with the economic factors.

The purpose of the present study was to compare personality traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Goldberg, L. R. 1993) of single parent children and children who have two parents. Two hypotheses were formed to compare the groups. H1:Those individual who reared in two parents family would score high on BFI factors, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to experience and would low score on neuroticsm trait than single parent mother headed family. H2: Those individual who reared in single parent mother headed family would score high on BFI factor Neuroticism and low scores on Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness to experience factors than two parent family. The sample of the study was consisting of 106 adolescents of single parent and 106 adolescents of two parent family (age range 14-18). Big five personality test (John, Naumann, and Soto 2008) was used as an inventory to measure personality traits of adolescents. Results suggest that there is a highly statistically significant difference on various variables on Big Five Inventory among adolescents of single parent and two parent families.

The purpose of the study was to explore educators’ teaching practices in China. The study explored possible gender-wise differences among participants’ perceptions. Chickering and Gamson’s (1987) seven principles of good practice for education provided as a framework of the study. To administer the questionnaire, 177 respondents were sampled from post-graduate (44) and undergraduate (133) classes. Purposive sampling technique was used to conduct focused groups interviews. The research revealed that educators ignored some principles which were student-teacher contact, cooperative teaching techniques, prompt feedback, and encouraging different views and ideas in the class. The perceptions of female participants were better than males about educators’ practices.

This study aims to analyze the ethnic dilemma in the Pamir region, or Badakh Mountains of the Badakhshan region, that became the reason for the call of independence of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region from Tajikistan. This paper also examines the socio-political linkages among the various Pamiri groups in Badakhshan Region. Likewise, the impact of a declaration of independence by Gorno-Badakhshann region on Pamiri ethnic groups in other geographically linked countries, especially in Gilgit-Baltistan is also highlighted in this study.

Organizational justice-performance relationships have been extensively explored and some significant relationships are reported between procedural and distribute justice with employee performance around the globe. This paper aims at exploring justice-performance relationships particularly for front line managers in Pakistani Textile industry. Organizational justices such as procedural and distributive justice are examined with individual performance of employees which is measured as task and contextual performance including citizenship behaviour. A randomly selected sample of 352 front line managers from 20 textile organization through stratified sampling has been collected for the purpose of data analysis. Results show that both procedural and distributive justices have significant and positive relationships with task and contextual performance including citizenship behaviour. However, relatively stronger strengths of relationships are found between justice measures and contextual performance including citizenship behaviour in comparison to task performance of front line managers. The findings of the study visibly contribute toward conceptual as well as theoretical understanding of justice-performance relationships particularly in developing economies.

In view of the strategic position which Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the North-Western Frontier Province of Pakistan occupies in the Sub-continent of Indo-Pakistan, It is safe to presume that its official archives have to extremely important, interesting and informative both as precedents for the elucidation of departmental administration and as raw materials of history. Archival material available in Peshawar Archives forms a unique collection and throws a floodlight on several aspects of the history of Punjab in general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP) and Central Asia in particular during the British rule in India. The paper describes the resources available in the Directorate of Archives and Libraries, Peshawar also known as Peshawar Archives. It is written with the chief aim to bring in black and white the resources of Peshawar Archives to the notice of scholars worldwide.

Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been widely adopted by faculty members and students for education, study and research. It has changed the environment of Information. Higher education had a trend of non-adoption of technologies. However since the last few decades this trend has changed since almost every educational institution of higher learning uses electronic information sources for study, teaching and research. The present study is an attempt to analyze the use of Electronic Information Sources (EIS) by the faculty members of University of Peshawar, Pakistan and to find out their EIS preferences, EIS use experience, e-journal use experiences and preferences. The study is a descriptive survey designed to obtain data which described available trends in the use of electronic information sources by faculty members in the University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. A self-constructed questionnaire was administered to a sample of 285 faculty members working in the University of Peshawar. Two hundred and thirty five (235) questionnaires were returned back dully filled in with a response rate of 82.45%. Using SPSS-19, the data was analyzed using descriptive feature of statistical analysis. Cross tables were drawn to analyze whether faculty members’ electronic source preferences varied by designation, gender, age and number of publications in the last five years. Results of the study showed that Lecturers followed by Assistant Professors used EIS more than Associate Professors and Professors. Thus increased age and academic designation meant decreased frequency of EIS use. Those who had more publications to their names in the last five years were more experienced in using EIS than those who had few. It was observed that EIS use experience of the respondents was moderate and significant. One of the major findings of the study was that majority of the faculty members preferred e-journals than print journals. The study revealed that faculty members use EIS quite often. EIS has become a significant information assent for faculty members in the present world of information explosion. It can impact positively on educational development in Pakistan if they are used in a proper way.

This research paper presents a critical review of the literature on a structured team learning method namely, cooperative learning. The review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cooperative learning in large language classes in the context of developing countries. Cooperative learning is not simply group work; it is far more structured form of team work where students work in an organized manner to master objectives of the given task. The theoretical underpinnings of cooperative learning i.e. social interdependence, cognitive and motivational theoretical perspectives indicate that it may be a very effective method to teach any language because it promotes social interaction which is very motivational aspect for the learners’ of a language. Furthermore, cooperative learning, alongside improvement in social interaction of students, helps student develop their critical reasoning because social discussion are more likely to focus on cognitive skills. Therefore, empirical research into cooperative learning strategies focusing on their implementation in large English language classes especially is in line with the theoretical underpinnings of cooperative learning. Empirical research suggests that cooperative learning is likely to be an effective teaching and learning approach in large ESL classes.

The study was conducted to analyze the type of loan offers by various banks in Hyderabad and short term and long term credit ratings of banks as the loan is a form of debt, for which interested people borrow many for several reason such as to purchase home, car, to run a business or to fulfill their other wants. Credit card facilities are also available as a point of sale to avoid carrying cash within hand at every place. This research is exploratory in nature. Sample was determined as per convenience through a combination of survey, questionnaires and structured interviews. 30 responses were collected from Hyderabad the prominent city of Sindh, Pakistan. Once the data was collected the analysis was drawn through excel. It was realized that banks are getting higher percentage of profits on loans that is kibor+5-6%. There are variety of products but credit cards and auto loan have more demand. There are high interest rates on credit cards. In auto loan bank took possessions of auto as a security until and unless a customer repay the full payment. Moreover, one of the important finding in comparative analysis of public and private banks was that credit rating of private banks is more efficient than public.

The most common definition of Leadership is that leaders attempt to influence the behavior of their followers. While leaders influence their subordinates, it has been noted that leaders do so along with their perceived organization support. The research question of this paper aimed to find out the effect that leadership practices have on subordinate’s perceived organizational support. The hypothesis of this research revolved around this research question testing the five leadership practices namely: model the way, inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enable others to act and encourage the heart. The survey instruments that were used to measure the effect of leadership practices on subordinate’s perceived organizational support are: 1) Leadership Profile Inventory-other (LPIO) – This instrument was developed in the year 1988 by Kouzes and Posner. 2) Survey of Perceived organizational support (POS) – This instrument was developed in the year 1986 by Eiseberger, Huntington, Hutchinson and Sowa. The sampling technique chosen was convenience sampling. Further, the basis of this literature review were researches conducted in the related field, along with various leadership theories and practices including Kouzes and Posner leadership practices, perceived organizational support based on organizational support theory and social exchange theory. The results of the study identify a positive relationship between the five leadership practices and perceived organizational support. This research will help the organization’s human resource and management to understand the role of leadership along with its importance to influence subordinates. Further, strategies can be devised to motivate and influence the behavior of subordinates for the benefit of the organization.

Code switching in the conversation takes place in bi/tri/multilingual societies. Factors like context, social distance, values and attitude of the people in a social interaction determine the nature of the code switching. In the context of Pakistani discourse, code switching exists in the use of Urdu (unmarked language) and English (marked language) in general among the educated class mostly in formal interactions. Present research has focused the genre of glamour discourse in a formal gathering for the discovery of social motivational factors behind the code switching in these social interactions through the framework of Mayer Scotton?s Markedness Model. The study reveals the nature of switching between marked and unmarked languages in the glamour discourse in the perspective of motivational factors which are controlled by the prevalent circumstances and cultural norms subject to the participants (speaker, listener, audience etc.) of the discourse.

The word “change” always seems alarming for the employees of organizations as well as for top management too. As the workers assume that change creates workload in the place of work. For every organization it is important that on priority and continuity basis that their leaders should understand the reason behind the change and then implement the modified and upgrade version accordingly. The main objective of this research is to find out the acceptance intensity of change management in public and private universities of Hyderabad & Jamshoro district. This research is conducted to find out the effectiveness and relationship of change management & the satisfaction level of employees. For this, the data were gathered through questionnaires and the Stratified probability sampling technique from 240 male and female members of the organization. Correlation, Mann-Whitney Test and One-way ANOVA techniques were applied to analyze the data. The finding indicates that there is positive impact of change management practices in public organizations as compare to private concern. Change is needed to be explained and understood by the employees as an outcome it will increase in satisfaction level of the employees. It was also found that change acceptance is more preferred by male employees in comparison to females. Whereas people with high qualification and skills and experience showed greater interest in launching change program and doing something unique, modernize and effective.

Pakistan is one the most important country in the developing world, but it has been volatile for various reasons, such as inconsistent democracy, internal conflicts and instability, deprivation of the masses, poor governance, corruption, and lack of accountability. A lot of efforts are being done and a great number of reforms, structural changes have been introduced on different institutional and administrative level to bring the country on the track to progress and prosperity, but so far none worked as desired. However, it is, indeed, a positive sign that the government has shown considerable flexibility in changing its traditional role of having a monopoly over every sector by engaging civil society, private organization, and encouraging community participation in different areas to deepen the democracy. It will certainly help in bringing improvement in the performance, efficiency, and responsiveness of different government departments so that the public could be better facilitated. This paper proposes the Devolution Plan – 2001 as a mean of deepening democracy in Pakistan, and explains the some of the salient features of the plan. Further, it presents an analysis of the major issues and challenges of the plan, and its impact on Balochistan particularly.